Nature Review Although Aluminium Salts Are by Far the

Ii-dimensional correlation spectroscopy to assess the dynamics of complex environmental mixtures

Mauro Mecozzi , in Multidimensional Analytical Techniques in Ecology Enquiry, 2020

Interactions of NOM and DOM with Al

Aluminum (Al) salts are widely used as coagulant agents due to the peculiar ability to remove modest particles and humic acid moieties from natural waters. Knowledge of DOM and Al interactions is essential to sympathize the organic carbon storage in soils. FTIR 2DCOS was practical as a tool to explore the organic ligands in DOM soils able to bind with Al equally a part of a long-term (21-yr) fertilization experiment [99]. This written report gave two primal results. It described the bounden characteristics of both fluorescent and nonfluorescent (i.east., polysaccharides, lipids, and lignin) substances with Al. Meanwhile, FTIR 2DCOS also demonstrated that the sequencing social club of organic ligands in bounden Al(Iii) could exist also modified by the use of long-term fertilization strategies. A subsequent study by FTIR 2DCOS confirmed that the long-term fertilization strategies were able to change the binding sites of DOM in soils, providing a clear indication that the –CH grouping of aliphatic chains was besides able to bind Al ions in addition to the well-known ability of polysaccharides [100].

In a report performed in two unlike acidic atmospheric condition, FTIR 2DCOS described the sequences of structural changes in humic acids during coagulation with Al salts [101]. At pH   5, the sequential order of Al(3) binding was co-ordinate to the sequence COOH   →   COO⁻  →   NH deformation of amide II   →   aliphatic hydroxyl COH groups. At pH   seven, the observed sequential order was inverse co-ordinate to COO⁻  →   aliphatic hydroxyl COH.

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Spun (Slurry and Sol–Gel) Ceramic Fibers

D.M. Wilson , in Reference Module in Materials Scientific discipline and Materials Engineering, 2016

2.i Basic Aluminum Salts

Basic aluminum salts are salts with less than the stoichiometric three   moles of anion per Al, and have the nominal formula AlX _n (OH)_iii-n , where X is a ligand such as Cl^-, ${\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}$ , or CH₃COOH^-. Basic aluminum salts tin can be formed using a number of methods, including dissolution of aluminum metallic in salt solutions, dissolution of aluminum hydroxides in acid, hydrolysis of alkoxides, and neutralization of acidic table salt solutions. The polycationic complexes formed are stabilized confronting farther cross-linking and hydrolysis by complexing ligands (Bertsch, 1989). Bones aluminum salts used for fibermaking contain 0.v–two.0   moles of anion ligand per mole of aluminum. If the amount of ligand is too low, gelation via cross-linking of polynuclear clusters will occur; high amounts of ligand cause difficulties during fiber oestrus handling because excessively large amounts of fugitives must exist removed during pyrolysis. Big ligands such as lactic acid or acetyl acetonate can be used to produce spinnable precursors merely are not desirable, since ceramic yield on firing is lower than smaller ligands such as chlorine. Aluminum chlorohydrates (AlCl _x (OH) _y ) are used to prepare a number of commercial fibers, including Fiber FP and PRD-166, Almax™, and Alcen™. Rubilon™ and the Nextel™ series of fibers are produced using aluminum carboxylates.

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Amending PHENOMENA OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY WITHIN WATER SYSTEMS

G. d'Antonio , F. Pirozzi , in Ecology Engineering and Renewable Energy, 1998

2.1 Reactants

Reactants used in water treatment plants may contain pocket-size fractions of impurities playing no rule in the correction process. Still, these substances may modify the water-quality parameters to an extent which depends on the reactant composition and dosage and on the efficiency of post-obit treatment processes. The consequences of the reactions betwixt chemic reactants and water compounds may be past far more than hazardous, because in some cases the germination of carcinogenic compounds has been observed.

In detail, the chlorine used for h2o disinfection determines the formation of halogenated compounds, among which trihalomethanes (chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane), which are known to exist carcinogenic.

First studies (Symons et al., 1975), have shown that chloroform is a reaction by-production of chlorine and organic matter naturally occurring in the water. Later, other trihalomethanes have been identified equally reaction past-products of bromine compounds with chlorine and organic matter. In any case, it has been shown that trihalomethane precursors are organic substances, mostly fulvic and humic acids. Recent studies (Reckhow and Vocalizer, 1984) have revealed that the improver of chlorine to h2o yields the formation of many other halogenated substances, as haloacetic acids, haloketones, haloacetonitriles, etc.), which, although occurring usually at very low concentration, are even more hazardous than chloroform. Since the halogenated compounds so far identified correspond a small fraction of the halogenated organic matter (TOX) ordinarily occurring in natural h2o (Singer, 1994) more enquiry is needed to establish whether other halogenated compounds are formed.

Factors affecting the formation of halogenated compounds in drinking water are numerous (Singer, 1994) and include: pH, temperature, disinfection contact fourth dimension, concentration of chlorine and bromine, nature and concentration of organic affair. With regard to the pH, a subtract of concentration of halogenated compounds has been observed increasing pH above neutrality, since many of them hydrolize for pH larger than well-nigh 8. College concentration of halogenated compounds are usually observed increasing temperature, since all chemical reactions are accelerated and thus may proceed to completion. An exception is represented by some compounds (as haloketones and haloacetonitriles,) which, after being formed, may be further transformed or hydrolized; since this disuse occurs in a relatively long time, information technology is usually observed inside pipelines and tanks of the distribution system.

In lodge to keep down the germination of halogenated compounds in drinking water treated with chlorine 3 dissimilar approaches may be adopted (Vocaliser, 1994): (i) control of water composition in the supply h2o body; (ii) apply of appropriate water handling processes; (iii) utilize of disinfectants culling to chlorine.

The purpose of the control of composition of the water supply is mainly to limit the growth of algae which may stand for the most relevant fraction of organic substance responsible for the germination of halogenated compounds. Algae growth may be limited past keeping nutrients down in the water body.

Water treatment may be accomplished ahead or following chlorine improver; in the beginning case organic matter is removed through chemic/physical processes as coagulation, adsorption on granular activated carbon and membrane filtration; in the second instance halogenic compounds are removed using activated carbon or air stripping. The latter method allows only the removal of volatile compounds (as trihalomethanes), without removing non-volatile compounds.

Disinfection methods alternative to chlorine are chloroamines, chlorine dioxide (ClO_ii), ozone (O₃) and UV radiation. It has to exist pointed out that results presently available on formation of halogenated compounds when using chlorine-based disinfectant other than chlorine are not conclusive and thus they need to be further verified. In whatever instance chloroamines seem to determine depression concentration of halogenated compounds. However, their disinfection efficiency is slight, thus making them not suitable as primary disinfectant; on the other hand, due to their strong persistence and, as discussed afterward, their high molecular diffusivity, they are more and more used equally secondary disinfectant, in order to guarantee sufficient level of chlorine residual in water distribution systems. Besides, chlorine dioxide yields low concentrations of halogenated compounds, but, in alkali metal solutions, it may determine the formation of chlorites and chlorate ions, which are toxic at relatively high concentration. Furthermore, chlorine dioxide oxides high-molecular-weight organic compounds, which are thus transformed in readily biodegradable organic compounds (as, aldehydes), which, as discussed afterward in detail, back up microorganism re-growth inside water pipes. The latter phenomenon has been observed even with the use of ozone, which seems to yield the formation of trihalomethanes when bromine is contained in the water. Finally, UV radiations determines, compared to the alternative disinfection methods, the everyman concentration of hazardous compounds. However, it yields a slight disinfection efficiency for several species of microorganisms, particularly protozoa.

Also the use of aluminium salts is very mutual for drinking water handling, to destabilise the colloidal and quasi-colloidal dispersion, and facilitate solid separation. The ability of Al and Fe salts to destabilise the colloidal and quasi-colloidal dispersion arises from one of the post-obit processes, depending on pH values and buffering capacities:

a)

The Al or Fe ions added to the water are adsorbed on the surface of particles which comport a high negative electrical charge. This alters the electric charge of the solids and lowers their Zeta-potential to zilch;

b)

owing to the fractional hydrolysis of the Al or Fe ions, h2o soluble Al or Fe complexes are formed, which contain a few Al or Fe atoms and which carry a positive charge. These complexes enter into durable bonds with the negatively charged particles changing thus their originally high surface charge. The particles aggregate thereafter;

c)

hydrolysis of the Al or Iron ions produces within a cursory period of fourth dimension Al, or Iron hydroxide salts which comprise substantial quantities of water and carry a positive accuse. These salts consist of particles whose initial dimension is smaller than that of the colloidal particles to be removed. The salts are therefore adsorbed on the solid particles present in surface waters, changing the loftier negative electrical charge of the latter. The ensuing metal-hydroxide solid particle circuitous has a very minor electrical charge, and is thus suited to constructive, rapid aggregation;

d)

the hydrolysis products of the Al or Fe ions aggregate at loftier rates into large Al or Fe hydroxide flocs which, owing to their large size, sweep the colloidal particles to be removed.

The coagulation process requite rise to balance aluminium in the h2o, which consists of dissolved and particulate species. These componds tin can exist harmful to human being, since also the normative standard of Al residue levels overlap with the levels being associated with definite wellness effect both in clinical and in experimental reports. Still, it remains unclear to what extent wellness furnishings tin exist modulated by exposures to dissimilar Al species (every bit a function of e.g. pH) and/or according to silicate or fluoride levels (and hence complexation status).

More than studies are needed to evaluate the toxicity of aluminium componds (Golub and Domingo, 1996) and the optimal conditions for the training of coagulant aluminium salts. Finally, atmospheric condition will be established which limit aluminium residues.

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Biocompatibility, Surface Engineering science, and Delivery of Drugs, Genes and Other Molecules

D.J. Irvine , C.M. Jewell , in Comprehensive Biomaterials, 2011

4.419.iv.i.1 Activation of the inflammasome

Every bit discussed in Section 4.419.4.2.ane , alum was traditionally thought to part primarily by providing sustained antigen release from the injection site, but conflicting information existed regarding the actual depot function of alum and its importance in the immune response. ⁵⁹ In addition, a number of articulate biological events occur in response to alum/antigen injections. Coadministration of alum and antigen induces chemokine production and recruitment of monocytes, granulocytes, and macrophages to the injection site. ^136,137 Alum also induces secretion of cytokines and the differentiation of monocytes toward a DC phenotype. ^{62,110,137,138} Alum was also institute to trigger antigen-independent proliferation of splenic B cells, which coincides with accumulation of Gr1⁺ IL-4-producing cells in the spleen, indicating a previously unappreciated role for alum in B cell priming and expansion. ⁶² Together, these observations suggest a potentially important part for alum in mediating innate immune responses that bridge to adaptive immunity.

Recently, new mechanistic insights have emerged regarding the pathways by which alum triggers this suite of responses in vivo, via a danger/pathogen-sensing signaling pathway known as the inflammasome. ^{60,61,139–141} Every bit highlighted in Section 4.419.2 , DCs and other innate allowed cells express PAMP and DAMP sensors, which can exist jail cell surface receptors (e.g., TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6) or intracellular proteins (e.g., NLRs). Inflammasomes are cytosolic, multiprotein complexes that play key roles in mediating innate immunity through the induction of inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial pathogens. ^142,143 While several distinct inflammasome complexes have been described, a common downstream event is the production of inflammatory cytokines. For example, activation of the caspase-1 inflammasome leads to production of active caspase-one, which cleaves the inactive forerunner forms of 2 potent proinflammatory cytokines (pro-IL-Iβ and pro-IL-18) to generate active IL-1β and IL-xviii. IL-1β and IL-18 – along with another inflammasome-inducible cytokine, IL-33 – increase cell migration, induce secretion of interferon-γ, promote differentiation of T_h17 cells, and enhance humoral immune responses (via IL-5 and IL-thirteen). Some other inflammasome complex, NALP3 (NAcht domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and Pyrin domain-containing protein three), is indicated in sensing and generating proinflammatory responses against bacterial toxins using a similar pathway. ³² In vitro studies in mouse and homo cells using MyD88-deficient cells (a key adaptor protein required for signaling through TLRs) indicated that alum induces secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 independently of TLR signaling. ¹⁴⁰ In mice, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33 secretion by alum was dependent on the NALP3 inflammasome. The mechanism by which alum is capable of triggering the NALP3 inflammasome is however a subject of contend: Alum has been indicated in the consecration of uric acid, a known DAMP released from necrotic cells; ¹³⁹ uric acrid crystals can trigger inflammasome activation. An alternative theory suggests the ability of alum to induce phagocytic uptake is disquisitional for inflammasome activation, property that the danger signal is potassium efflux resulting from rupture of alum-containing endosomes and lysosomes. ^sixty,61 Using alum-containing vaccine formulations administered to NLRP3-deficient mice (mice defective the NALP3 inflammasome), antigen-specific antibiotic production was greatly reduced, further supporting the key part of inflammasome activation in alum's adjuvant action. ^sixty

These findings regarding the classic adjuvant alum announced to have relevance for a range of vaccine biomaterials, and perhaps for the host response to biomaterials in general. For case, PLGA, i of the most ubiquitous resorbable biomaterials, also activates the NALP3 inflammasome when incubated with immune cells in particulate course. PLGA microparticles have been shown to greatly enhance secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 when incubated with DCs in the presence of LPS, which on its own is a weak inducer of IL-1β. ^144,145 This behavior is true for PLGA coadministered with a number of other TLRas that act through intracellular or extracellular TLRs. While PLGA-induced inflammasome action was constitute to be dependent on coincubation with TLRas in vitro, in vivo, inflammasome activation as well as proinflammatory cytokine secretion was induced in the absence of LPS or other TLRas, ¹⁴⁵ suggesting that PLGA may serve every bit, or induce, a second betoken for inflammasome activation. IL-1β consecration by PLGA particles is NALP3 dependent, and interestingly, inflammasome activation by PLGA is dependent on uptake of particles past DCs, lysosome acidification, and efflux of intracellular potassium ions. Assistants of PLGA microparticles with ovalbumin (OVA) leads to increased production of antigen-specific antibodies compared with soluble antigen and this result persists in NALP3-deficient mice. In contrast, PLGA-induced enhancement of cellular amnesty through proliferation of CD11b⁺Gr1⁻ cells and IL-6 production was absent-minded in NALP3-scarce mice. ¹⁴⁵ Thus, PLGA appears to confer adjuvant activity by antigen-contained inflammasome activation, every bit well as two antigen-dependent mechanisms, namely, enhancement of antibiotic-specific responses and a yet-to-be-determined route requiring NALP3 inflammasome activation for mediating cellular amnesty through induction of CD11b⁺Gr1⁻ cell populations and upregulation of IL-half dozen. Similarly, particles of chitosan, a biodegradable polysaccharide, have been shown to induce activation of the NALP3 inflammasome and IL-one/IL-18 secretion through a caspase-ane-dependent mechanism similar to that of alum. ¹⁴¹ These findings propose that other nominally nondegradable microparticles (polystyrene, silica) also trigger inflammasomes, ⁶¹ and indicate a mutual route through which particulate biomaterials may confer adjuvant activeness.

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Sucralfate

Richard Jewell , in xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference, 2007

Basic Chemical science

Chemical Structure
Structure
Comments		A basic aluminum table salt of a sulfated (octasulfate) disaccharide (sucrose).
Chemical Formula		C11 H28 Al8 O51 S8. H2 O. Al H3 O3
Properties
Physical Properties		White to off-white amorphous powder chalky in taste, simply little or no smell. Dissolution of aluminum occurs at pH<3; of sucrose sulfate at pH>4.
Molecular Weight		1544.69
Solubility		Soluble in dilute muriatic acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions. Practically insoluble in water, ethanol, and chloroform.
Ionization Constant
	Value	Salt	Weather	Reference	Comments
pKa	0.43-i.19	Aluminium		O'Neil et al (2001), Dollery (1999)

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Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Analytical Techniques, Environmental Fate and Biological Effects

Trine Eggen , Christian Vogelsang , in Comprehensive Belittling Chemical science, 2015

3.iii.1.2 Effect from Chemical Precipitation

Positively charged coagulants such equally iron and aluminum salts are oftentimes used to better the removal of phosphorous from wastewater. It is likewise used in CAS systems (coprecipitation) to amend the settling properties of the activated sludge. The coagulants precipitate certain dissolved compounds (e.k., phosphate) and build larger aggregates of colloidal and suspended solids in the h2o leading to increased sludge production. Due to the generally low concentrations of PPCPs in wastewater, whatsoever precipitation of these compounds establish in the dissolved land might be limited. Suárez et al. [76] investigated the efficiency of coagulation–flocculation equally a pretreatment of a hospital effluent earlier discharge to the sewer. As expected, the all-time removals were observed for the hydrophobic musk compounds galaxolide, tonalide, and celestolide (>77% boilerplate removal). The less lipophilic compounds diclofenac, naproxen, and ibuprofen showed somewhat lower removals (12–42%) and nix or poor removal was measured for carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, roxithromycin, trimethoprim, erythromicyn, iopromide, and diazepam [76]. At that place is a paucity of studies on the effect of coagulants, notwithstanding, it has been demonstrated that type of coagulant and reaction time are shown to influence the removal efficiency [76].

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FRACTURE PROCESSES IN OXIDE CERAMIC FIBRES

Marie-Hélène Berger , in Fiber Fracture, 2002

FABRICATION OF ALUMINA FIBRES

Precursors of alumina are viscid aqueous solutions of basic aluminium salts, AlX _{due north} (OH)_3–north , where Ten tin can exist an inorganic ligand (Cl^–, NO^three– …) or an organic ligand (HCOOH^– …) (Taylor, 1999). Spinning of the forerunner produces a gel fibre which is so dried and rut-treated. Decomposition of the precursor induces the atmospheric precipitation of aluminium hydroxides, such equally boehmite AlO(OH), and the outgassing of a big volume of residual compounds. The associated book change and porosity at this step has to exist carefully controlled. It is also possible to direct spin aqueous sols based on aluminium hydroxides. Dehydration between 300°C and 400°C yields amorphous aluminas and leaves nanometric pores in its structure. Farther heating to around 1100°C induces the sequential development of transitional forms of alumina. These aluminas have spinnel structures containing aluminium vacancies on the octahedral and tetrahedral sites. They only differ by the degree of order in the distribution of these vacancies. At this phase the fibre is composed of alumina grains of a few tens of nanometres, poorly sintered with a finely divided porosity. Above 1100°C stable α-alumina nucleates and a rapid growth of μm-sized grains occurs together with coalescence of pores. Porosity generated during the first steps of the formation of metastable aluminas cannot exist eliminated and is increased by the college density of α-alumina compared to the transitional forms. The fibres go extremely brittle due the presence of large grains. Fracture initiated from large grain boundaries emerging at the fibre surface and cleft propagation is mainly intergranular. Alumina fibres cannot be used in this form and the nucleation and growth of α-alumina have to be controlled by adding either silica precursors or seeds for α-alumina formation to the fibre precursors. This has led to 2 classes of alumina-based fibres with unlike fracture behaviours which are transitional alumina fibres and α-alumina fibres.

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Volume one

J.J. Eisch , in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, 1982

6.five.2.2 Metathesis betwixt metal alkyls and aluminum compounds

This method has ii principal variations: (a) the treatment of an aluminum common salt, commonly a halide, with a more reactive organometallic compound such as a derivative of lithium, sodium, potassium or magnesium, or G[AlR₄], whereby thermodynamics strongly favors the products (equation 122) ^{259,283,368–383} and (b) the interaction of ane triorganoaluminum chemical compound (or AlH_iii) with an organic derivative of a less reactive metal (boron, mercury) wherein the resulting equilibrium tin can be shifted past selective removal of the nearly volatile member (equation 123). ^{197,275,383–385} In the one-time method, care must be taken to avoid ether, if the unsolvated R₃Al is required. If ether-free organomagnesium reagents are desired, some of the recent procedures for preparing them in hydrocarbon media should be employed. ³⁸⁶ Again, however, an ether or amine may exist advantageous in stabilizing R₃Al to the kinds of isomerizations and decompositions discussed in Section 6.v.1. Successful applications of the second method have been especially numerous for the reaction of boron compounds with triethylaluminum. In the ensuing equilibrium triethylborane is nearly always the most volatile member (Et₃B, b.p. 95   °C; (Et₃Al)₂, b.p. 186   °C) and can be readily removed. Specific illustrations from the literature can exist found in equations (124), ³⁸⁷ (125), ^356,388 (126), ²⁷⁵ (127) ¹³³ and (128). ³⁵⁸

(122)

(123)

(124)

(125)

(126)

(127)

(128)

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V-membered Rings with 2 Heteroatoms and Fused Carbocyclic Derivatives

Frederick West. HartnerJr., in Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry Two, 1996

iii.04.12.2 Medicinal Compounds

Oxazole and its derivatives accept been incorporated into a big number of compounds of potential medicinal value. Aluminum salts of oxaprozin are claimed to take value as antiinflammatory agents 〈85BRP2148894〉. Other 4,v-diphenyl-two-oxazoyl derivatives showed action every bit prostacyclin mimetics 〈93JMC3884〉. The near potent compound of the series ( 207 ) contained another oxazole ring, which locked an important double bond in the cis configuration and served equally a hydrogen bail acceptor. Another set of compounds to show inhibition of claret platelet function were the 5-substituted oxazole iv-carboxylic acids and carboxamides 〈83CPB4417〉. Derivative ( 208 ) was the most agile.

A series of triazolylmethyloxazolidine derivatives ( 209 ) were designed as potential inhibitors of the cytochrome P ₄₅₀ 14α-demethylase enzyme 〈90CPB2476〉. The 3-acyl-4-methyloxazolidine with the indicated stereochemistry was expected to mimic the skeleton of the enzyme substrate, lanosterol.

Oxazoles have been claimed equally stimulants of cognitive function, adrenergic antagonists, fungicides, anthelmintic agents, antihypertensive agents, and antiulcer agents. They are too reported to show activeness as pesticides, agrochemical fungicides, and insecticides.

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5-membered band systems: with O and S (Se, Te) atoms

R. Alan Aitken , Fiona Grand. Fotherby , in Progress in Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2021

5.6.1 1,3-Dioxoles and dioxolanes

In a study related to the formation of potential fuel components from biorenewable sources, the thermodynamics of acid-catalyzed dehydration/cocky-condensation of propane-ane,2-diol and butane-2,3-diol to give, respectively, the 1,3-dioxolanes 1 and 2 has been examined (20MOL1723). The conversion of carbonyl compounds R^oneCOR² into dioxolanes 3 by reaction with either epoxides or ane,2-diols is efficiently catalyzed past a combination of graphene oxide and ultrasound (20MI2959). New catalytic systems for the reaction of epoxides with CO₂ to form 1,3-dioxolan-two-ones 4 include the ionic liquid 2-amino-i-octylpyridinium iodide (20CPlC1587), two-aminopyridine whose use has been demonstrated on a kg calibration (20SL183), acyclic guanidinium iodides (20S150), and fluorinated 1,three,5-triols such as 5 (20OBC2637).

The conversion of epoxy alcohol 6 into diverse isomeric dioxolanones with CO₂ in the presence of halides and aluminum salts has been studied including X-ray structure decision of products seven and eight (20OM1642). Metal-free carbonylation has been used to set the dioxolone ix from 9,10-phenanthraquinone and CO (4 atm.) with a stable carbene catalyst and the 10-ray structure of nine was reported (20JA18336). The machinery of the competitive reaction of epoxides with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to give, subsequently hydrolysis, either dioxolan-2-ones or oxazolidin-ii-ones has been examined (20BJO1805). The synthesis of chloromethyldioxolanone ten past chlorination of the dimethyl compound has been patented (20CNP111285837).

A theoretical written report of the conformations of unproblematic v-band heterocycles includes 1,3-dioxolane (20CHE1599) and new dioxolane Ten-ray structures include 11 (20OL7730) and adduct 12 which was also characterized by NMR and IR (20JCD14378). Selective oxidation of two-aryl-one,iii-dioxolanes with oxygen and catalytic Pt/C in aq. NaOH giving the benzoic acids has been reported (20H(100)145), and radical add-on of cinnamyl booze to one,iii-dioxolane to beget 13 occurs upon treatment with di-tert-butyl peroxide and polymethylhydrosiloxane in the presence of FeBr₂ (20SL1400). Radical addition of simple ane,three-dioxolanes to Michael acceptors such equally dimethyl maleate is achieved past photolysis with di-tert-butyl peroxide giving products such as 14 and 15 (20T131557). A convenient synthesis of furo[iii,two-b]quinolin-four(1H)-ones 17 involves reaction of dioxoloquinoline precursors sixteen with methanesulfonic acrid in aqueous ane,iv-dioxane (20SL911), and copper-catalyzed interaction of alkynyldioxolanones xviii with a silylborane reagent leads to decarboxylation and formation of allenylsilanes xix (20OL3942). The study besides includes the X-ray construction of 20.

New dioxolane-containing natural products include staprexanthone A 21 isolated from a fungus, with a rare four,5-dimethyl-1,iii-dioxolane group, which shows some potential for diabetes therapy (20JNP2996), the diastereomeric bithienyl-dioxolanes 22 with nematocidal and antifungal activity (20JAFC11939), the plant-derived diterpene jatrofoliane A 23 with a transannular 1,3-dioxolane (20OL106), and the plant growth inhibitory mucroniferals A–C 24 (20MI104776). The dioxolanones 25 and 26, derived, respectively, from naturally available materials carvacrol and cardanol, have been evaluated as comonomers in lactide polymerization (20MM6420). New spiro charge-transfer dyes include aromatic fused dioxoles 27 and 28 (20JOC5048).

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